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- Economics
- One hour test
- Choice Nr.: 2
-
- - 2. Buffer Stocks -
-
- One step a government might take in order to stabilize
- agricultural prices is to use the technique of buffer stocks. The
- very basic idea of this is letting the government set a minimum
- price on agricultural goods. This price will usually be above the
- price where demand meets supply, so the government must buy the
- excess quantity produced, in order to stabilize prices. This
- quantity will then be stored till, for example, next year where
- there is a bad harvest, and then it will be put on the market. In
- case of famine, or earthquake the goods can also be given to the
- people.
- In pracise, using fig. 1, the market price would be at OP.
- This price is obviously so low, that the farmers will receive too
- little profit, hence the government agrees to a minimum price at
- OG. Here there is an excess supply, OQ to OQ1, which the government
- then buys, so they stabilize the prices.
-
-
- - 3. Monopoly -
-
- It is easy to mention the obvious disadvantages which might
- occur to the consumer of a monopoly (eg. higher prices, lower
- quality etc), but there are also several ways a consumer might
- benefit from the existence of a monopoly. Basically there are two
- options. A monopoly controlled by the government, and monopoly
- controlled by the private sector.
- Monopoly under government, is properly where the consumer will
- find the greatest advantages. The government will try to minimize
- prices for the consumer, and if necessary, cover the loss of doing
- so. Quality wise, the consumer will most likely benefit from this
- type of monopoly. If we take the dutch PTT, which is not completely
- a monopoly, but still very dominating, over the telecommunication
- in the Netherlands. The quality of the goods they sell (phones,
- answering machines etc.) is very good. They all have to go through
- certain tests, and get the 'blue seal'.
- In the monopoly, which lies under the private sector, the
- conditions are different. If here the monopoly fears it will loose
- faith from its consumers, it will benefit the consumer. For example
- Intel's 586 chip had a bug, and consumers globally were very
- displeased. Intel chose to replace the bug with functional one,
- instead of remaining passive. They most likely feared other, much
- smaller firms, could enter the market and take advantage of the
- situation.
-
- - 4. Double Counting -
-
- When calculating N.I., adding up total revenue is one way.
- This does though include the problem 'Double Counting'.
- If we as an example use diamonds, from the extraction to the
- sale, it should be easy to see the phenomenon of 'Double Counting'.
- First the diamond is extracted by one firm. They sell the raw
- diamond to a cutlery, for 10£ a carat. Here the materials are cut
- into consumerfriendly shapes and then sold to shop, for 50£ a
- carat, where the consumer buys it for 100£ a carat. Total Revenue
- here is (10 + 50 + 100) 160£. Adding up the Value Added, you avoid
- double counting, and instead the amount is (10 + 40 + 50) 100£.
- Obviously double counting is a problem, which ultimately leads
- to very inaccurate numbers. Adding the value added up, is definably
- a much better method, if a more exact number is wanted.
-
- - 6. 'Bayona' -
-
- A LDC like Bayona faces many disadvantages if the Terms of
- Trade go against it. What many times happens, is that the country
- enter a vicious circle. Let me outline both.
- If the Terms of Trade go against a country, it means that the
- prices of imported goods are higher than the prices of exported
- goods. The consequences of Bayona, which only exports one good, is
- that they would have no other products to try to export. In order
- to stabilize the Terms of Trade, Bayona would have to either raise
- prices, or increase production. If they raise prices, QD will go
- down. If they increase production, wages and other costs will have
- to go down in order to establish a competitive price. No matter
- what, N.I. will go down, leading to less production, leading to
- lower standards of living, leading to pour health, leading to less
- production, etc.
- The Terms of Trade is an important factor. The system
- nowadays, gives the industrialised countries an uneaqual advantage
- against the LDCs.
-
-
-
- Jens Schriver